Provenance

Source registry

Lithoen cites what it has actually retrieved and read. Each source carries an authority tier, a retrieval date, and — where metadata could not be verified — an explicit statement of the gap rather than a guess.

• Primary authoritydataset

  1:100 000 State interpreted bedrock geology of Western Australia (DMIRS-038)

  Geological Survey of Western Australia, Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety (2026). 1:100 000 State interpreted bedrock geology of Western Australia (DMIRS-038). Version DMIRS-038. https://catalogue.data.wa.gov.au/dataset/interpreted-bedrock-geology-1-100-000 Retrieved 2026-09-08.

• Primary authorityreport

  A deposit model for Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc ores

  David L. Leach, Ryan D. Taylor, David L. Fey, Sharon F. Diehl & Richard W. Saltus (2010). A deposit model for Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc ores. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–A. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/a/pdf/SIR10-5070A.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authorityreport

  A Laboratory Manual for X-Ray Powder Diffraction

  Poppe, L.J., Paskevich, V.F., Hathaway, J.C. & Blackwood, D.S. (2001). A Laboratory Manual for X-Ray Powder Diffraction. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Open-File Report 01-041. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-041/htmldocs/xrpd.htm Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  A Study of the Optimal Model of the Flotation Kinetics of Copper Slag from Copper Mine Bor

  Rodoljub D. Stanojlović & Jovica M. Sokolović (2014). A Study of the Optimal Model of the Flotation Kinetics of Copper Slag from Copper Mine Bor. Archives of Mining Sciences (Polish Academy of Sciences). http://journals.pan.pl/Content/93668/PDF/10267-Volume59_Issue3-17_paper.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityjournalArticle

  A Sustainable Technique to Prepare High-Purity Vanadium Pentoxide via Purification with Low Ammonium Consumption

  Lin, Guoce, Huang, Jing, Zhang, Yimin & Hu, Pengcheng (2022). A Sustainable Technique to Prepare High-Purity Vanadium Pentoxide via Purification with Low Ammonium Consumption. MDPI, Basel, Switzerland — Materials 2022, 15(5), 1945. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051945 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Advanced Processing Techniques and Impurity Management for High-Purity Quartz in Diverse Industrial Applications

  Hailin Long, Deqing Zhu, Jian Pan, Siwei Li, Congcong Yang & Zhengqi Guo (2024). Advanced Processing Techniques and Impurity Management for High-Purity Quartz in Diverse Industrial Applications. Minerals (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060571 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Primary authorityjournalArticle

  AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, volume 17, number 4 — Mineral Deposits (containing Brand, N. W., Butt, C. R. M. & Elias, M., 'Nickel laterites: classification and features', pp. 81–88)

  N. W. Brand, C. R. M. Butt & M. Elias (1998). AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, volume 17, number 4 — Mineral Deposits (containing Brand, N. W., Butt, C. R. M. & Elias, M., 'Nickel laterites: classification and features', pp. 81–88). Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO), now Geoscience Australia. https://d28rz98at9flks.cloudfront.net/36591/Jou1998_v17_n4.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Albite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Albite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/albite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  AMG Hosts Successful Opening of Europe’s First Lithium Hydroxide Refinery

  AMG Critical Materials N.V. (2024). AMG Hosts Successful Opening of Europe’s First Lithium Hydroxide Refinery. https://amg-nv.com/investors/press-release/amg-hosts-successful-opening-of-europes-first-lithium-hydroxide-refinery/ Retrieved 2026-09-11.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  AMG Increases Guidance Following an Exceptional Second Quarter 2026

  AMG Critical Materials N.V. (2026). AMG Increases Guidance Following an Exceptional Second Quarter 2026. https://amg-nv.com/investors/press-release/amg-increases-guidance-following-an-exceptional-second-quarter-2026/ Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  AMG Lithium Receives Funding from German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy

  AMG Critical Materials N.V. (2025). AMG Lithium Receives Funding from German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. https://amg-nv.com/investors/press-release/amg-lithium-receives-funding-from-german-federal-ministry-for-economic-affairs-and-energy/ Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  AMG Lithium Signs Binding Multiyear Agreement to Supply Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide with EcoPro, the Holding Company of Cathode Materials Manufacturer EcoPro BM

  AMG Critical Materials N.V. (2022). AMG Lithium Signs Binding Multiyear Agreement to Supply Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide with EcoPro, the Holding Company of Cathode Materials Manufacturer EcoPro BM. https://amg-nv.com/investors/press-release/amg-lithium-signs-binding-multiyear-agreement-to-supply-battery-grade-lithium-hydroxide-with-ecopro-the-holding-company-of-cathode-materials-manufacturer-ecopro-bm/ Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  AMG Reports a Solid Set of Full Year 2025 Results

  AMG Critical Materials N.V. (2026). AMG Reports a Solid Set of Full Year 2025 Results. https://amg-nv.com/investors/press-release/amg-reports-a-solid-set-of-full-year-2025-results/ Retrieved 2026-09-11.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  AMG Reports Better than Expected First Quarter 2026 Results

  AMG Critical Materials N.V. (2026). AMG Reports Better than Expected First Quarter 2026 Results. https://amg-nv.com/investors/press-release/amg-reports-better-than-expected-first-quarter-2026-results/ Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Primary authorityjournalArticle

  An updated digital model of plate boundaries

  Peter Bird (2003). An updated digital model of plate boundaries. American Geophysical Union. Version Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4(3), 1027. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000252 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Anorthite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Anorthite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/anorthite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Application of Falcon Centrifuge as a Cleaner Alternative for Complex Tungsten Ore Processing

  Yann Foucaud, Quentin Dehaine, Lev O. Filippov & Inna V. Filippova (2019). Application of Falcon Centrifuge as a Cleaner Alternative for Complex Tungsten Ore Processing. Minerals (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070448 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Australian Geological Provinces Database, edition 2013.01

  Geoscience Australia (2018). Australian Geological Provinces Database, edition 2013.01. Version 2013.01. https://services.ga.gov.au/gis/rest/services/Australian_Geological_Provinces/MapServer Retrieved 2026-09-08.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2021 — State and Territory boundaries

  Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2021 — State and Territory boundaries. Version ASGS2021 STE. https://geo.abs.gov.au/arcgis/rest/services/ASGS2021/STE/MapServer/0 Retrieved 2026-09-08.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Broad plumes rooted at the base of the Earth's mantle beneath major hotspots

  Scott W. French & Barbara Romanowicz (2015). Broad plumes rooted at the base of the Earth's mantle beneath major hotspots. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14876 Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Calcite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Calcite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/calcite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  ČEZ advances to the next stage of preparation for mining lithium at Cínovec

  ČEZ, a. s. (2020). ČEZ advances to the next stage of preparation for mining lithium at Cínovec. https://www.cez.cz/en/media/press-releases/cez-advances-to-the-next-stage-of-preparation-for-mining-lithium-at-cinovec-81931 Retrieved 2026-09-11.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Characterization of Li-Ores from European Deposits for Mineral Processing

  Asija Durjagina, Extivonus Kiki Fransiskus, Peter Eitz, Margarita Mezzetti & Holger Lieberwirth (2026). Characterization of Li-Ores from European Deposits for Mineral Processing. Minerals (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/min16040395 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Deposition (Discovering Geology — Geological processes)

  British Geological Survey (n.d.). Deposition (Discovering Geology — Geological processes). https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/geological-processes/deposition/ Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Diopside (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Diopside (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/diopside.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Dolomite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Dolomite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/dolomite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Earthquake magnitude, energy release, and shaking intensity

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). Earthquake magnitude, energy release, and shaking intensity. https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/earthquake-magnitude-energy-release-and-shaking-intensity Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Electronic Data Submission for Paper 2001GC000252 — PB2002 model files and readme

  Peter Bird (2003). Electronic Data Submission for Paper 2001GC000252 — PB2002 model files and readme. Peter Bird, University of California, Los Angeles. Version PB2002. http://peterbird.name/oldFTP/PB2002/2001GC000252_readme.txt Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Erosion (Discovering Geology — Geological processes)

  British Geological Survey (n.d.). Erosion (Discovering Geology — Geological processes). https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/geological-processes/erosion/ Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Exploring the Earth Using Seismology (Fact Sheet #5)

  EarthScope Consortium (NSF SAGE) (n.d.). Exploring the Earth Using Seismology (Fact Sheet #5). Version Fact Sheet #5. https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/fact-sheet/exploring_earth_using_seismology Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedthesis

  Extraction and separation of tantalum and niobium from Mozambican tantalite by solvent extraction in the ammonium bifluoride-octanol system

  Kabangu Mpinga, John (2012). Extraction and separation of tantalum and niobium from Mozambican tantalite by solvent extraction in the ammonium bifluoride-octanol system. University of Pretoria. https://repository.up.ac.za/items/669d8111-36e4-4e18-b579-fdabbd80f7b2 Retrieved 2026-09-18.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Forsterite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Forsterite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/forsterite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Geochemical and Mineralogical Data for Soils of the Conterminous United States

  David B. Smith, William F. Cannon, Laurel G. Woodruff, Federico Solano, James E. Kilburn & David L. Fey (2013). Geochemical and Mineralogical Data for Soils of the Conterminous United States. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Data Series 801. https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/801/ Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritybook

  Geologic Time

  William L. Newman (1997). Geologic Time. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Online edition; the “Age of the Earth” section was revised 9 October 1997. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/contents.html Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authorityreport

  Geology and mineral resources of the Ravensthorpe and Cocanarup 1:100 000 sheets — Geological Survey of Western Australia Report 54

  W. K. Witt (1998). Geology and mineral resources of the Ravensthorpe and Cocanarup 1:100 000 sheets — Geological Survey of Western Australia Report 54. Geological Survey of Western Australia. https://dmpbookshop.eruditetechnologies.com.au/product/geology-and-mineral-resources-of-the-ravensthorpe-and-cocanarup-1100-000-sheets.do Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  Geology and mineral resources of Western Australia — Geological Survey of Western Australia Memoir 3 (Chapter 7, Nickel, by P. H. Harrison)

  Geological Survey of Western Australia & P. H. Harrison (1990). Geology and mineral resources of Western Australia — Geological Survey of Western Australia Memoir 3 (Chapter 7, Nickel, by P. H. Harrison). Geological Survey of Western Australia. https://dmpbookshop.eruditetechnologies.com.au/product/geology-and-mineral-resources-of-western-australia.do Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Peer-reviewedbook

  Geology, Textural Study, Ore Genesis and Processing of the Tabuaço Tungsten Deposit (Northern Portugal)

  Yann Foucaud, Bénédicte Lechenard, Philippe Marion, Inna Filippova & Lev Filippov (2018). Geology, Textural Study, Ore Genesis and Processing of the Tabuaço Tungsten Deposit (Northern Portugal). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71674 Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Germanium and Indium Recovery from Zinc Metallurgy by-Products—Dross Leaching in Sulphuric and Oxalic Acids

  Michał Drzazga, Ryszard Prajsnar, Andrzej Chmielarz, Grzegorz Benke, Katarzyna Leszczyńska-Sejda, Mateusz Ciszewski, Katarzyna Bilewska & Grzegorz Krawiec (2018). Germanium and Indium Recovery from Zinc Metallurgy by-Products—Dross Leaching in Sulphuric and Oxalic Acids. Metals (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121041 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Hematite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Hematite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/hematite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  How do volcanoes erupt?

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). How do volcanoes erupt?. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-volcanoes-erupt Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Immissionsschutzrechtliches Genehmigungsverfahren der Firma GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH, Höfener Str. 45, 90431 Nürnberg für die wesentliche Änderung des Produktionsbereichs der V-Chemie durch den Einsatz eines neuen Rohstoffes im Bereich der Vanadium-Chemie: Vanadium-haltige Katalysatoren (RC = roasted catalysts)

  Stadt Nürnberg, Umweltamt — published in the UVP-Portal (UVP-Verbund der Länder und des Bundes) (2023). Immissionsschutzrechtliches Genehmigungsverfahren der Firma GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH, Höfener Str. 45, 90431 Nürnberg für die wesentliche Änderung des Produktionsbereichs der V-Chemie durch den Einsatz eines neuen Rohstoffes im Bereich der Vanadium-Chemie: Vanadium-haltige Katalysatoren (RC = roasted catalysts). https://www.uvp-verbund.de/trefferanzeige?docuuid=58f16a70-2b79-4977-bba7-63e9078a3d1a Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Primary authoritychart

  International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12

  K.M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard & J.-X. Fan (2024). International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Version v2024/12. https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2024-12.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritystandard

  International Stratigraphic Guide (abridged online edition)

  International Commission on Stratigraphy (n.d.). International Stratigraphic Guide (abridged online edition). Version Online abridged edition. https://stratigraphy.org/guide Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritystandard

  Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 2024

  Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (IUPAC) (2024). Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 2024. Version Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 2024. https://ciaaw.org/isotopic-abundances.htm Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authorityreport

  Kalgoorlie, Western Australia (second edition) — Geological Survey of Western Australia, 1:250 000 Geological Series Explanatory Notes

  Geological Survey of Western Australia (n.d.). Kalgoorlie, Western Australia (second edition) — Geological Survey of Western Australia, 1:250 000 Geological Series Explanatory Notes. Geological Survey of Western Australia. Version second edition. https://dmpbookshop.eruditetechnologies.com.au/product/kalgoorlie-1250-000-sheet-western-australia-second-edition.do Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Kaolinite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Kaolinite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kaolinite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Kīlauea (USGS volcano profile)

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). Kīlauea (USGS volcano profile). https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedstandard

  Lithium Carbonate, Technical Grade — Arcadium Lithium product data sheet QS-PDS-1051, Revision 05

  Arcadium Lithium (2024). Lithium Carbonate, Technical Grade — Arcadium Lithium product data sheet QS-PDS-1051, Revision 05. Version QS-PDS-1051 Revision: 05. https://www.chempoint.com/products/download?grade=5173&type=tds Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Institutional referencewebPage

  Lithium Hydroxide — AMG Lithium

  AMG Lithium GmbH (2026). Lithium Hydroxide — AMG Lithium. https://amglithium.com/products/lithium-hydroxide Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Peer-reviewedreport

  Lithium Hydroxide Battery-Grade Refinery Bitterfeld, Germany — AMG Lithium capital markets presentation

  AMG Critical Materials N.V. (2023). Lithium Hydroxide Battery-Grade Refinery Bitterfeld, Germany — AMG Lithium capital markets presentation. https://amg-nv.com/wp-content/uploads/CMD-AMG-Lithium-Presentations.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-11.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Magnetite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Magnetite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/magnetite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Mauna Loa (USGS volcano profile)

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). Mauna Loa (USGS volcano profile). https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authorityreport

  Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Copper

  U.S. Geological Survey (2025). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Copper. U.S. Geological Survey. Version January 2025. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-copper.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Gallium

  U.S. Geological Survey (2025). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Gallium. U.S. Geological Survey. Version January 2025. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-gallium.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Germanium

  U.S. Geological Survey (2025). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Germanium. U.S. Geological Survey. Version January 2025. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-germanium.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Tungsten

  U.S. Geological Survey (2025). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Tungsten. U.S. Geological Survey. Version January 2025. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-tungsten.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  Mineral deposit models — introduction (definition of a mineral deposit), as quoted in USGS Open-File Report 2009-1252

  Dennis P. Cox, Paul B. Barton & Donald A. Singer (1986). Mineral deposit models — introduction (definition of a mineral deposit), as quoted in USGS Open-File Report 2009-1252. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Bulletin 1693, quoted in OFR 2009-1252. https://doi.org/10.3133/b1693 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritybook

  Mineral deposits and metallogeny of Fennoscandia

  Eilu, P. (ed.) (2012). Mineral deposits and metallogeny of Fennoscandia. Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Version Special Paper 53. https://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/specialpaper/sp_053.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Mineral exploration reports (WAMEX) (DMIRS-033) — open-file exploration report metadata for Western Australia

  Geological Survey of Western Australia (n.d.). Mineral exploration reports (WAMEX) (DMIRS-033) — open-file exploration report metadata for Western Australia. Department of Energy, Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety, Western Australia. https://public-services.slip.wa.gov.au/public/rest/services/SLIP_Public_Services/Industry_and_Mining/MapServer/22 Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Peer-revieweddataset

  Mineral Resources Data System — metadata and documentation

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). Mineral Resources Data System — metadata and documentation. Version MRDS, as documented at the retrieval date. https://mrdata.usgs.gov/metadata/mrds.faq.html Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Mineral Resources, Mineral Deposits, Mines, and Processing Centres — Geoscience Australia OZMIN, served as EarthResourceML

  Geoscience Australia (2022). Mineral Resources, Mineral Deposits, Mines, and Processing Centres — Geoscience Australia OZMIN, served as EarthResourceML. Version EarthResourceML 2.0 / ERML Lite 1.0 OGC service. https://services.ga.gov.au/gis/earthresource/wfs Retrieved 2026-09-08.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Mineral Systems of Australia

  Geoscience Australia (2016). Mineral Systems of Australia. Version Page last updated 8 April 2016. https://www.ga.gov.au/about/projects/resources/mineral-systems Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Mount St. Helens (USGS volcano profile)

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). Mount St. Helens (USGS volcano profile). https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-st-helens Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedreport

  Murrin Murrin nickel laterite deposit, WA

  M. A. Wells (2003). Murrin Murrin nickel laterite deposit, WA. Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration (CRC LEME). https://crcleme.org.au/RegExpOre/MurrinMurrin.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Muscovite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Muscovite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/muscovite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedwebPage

  Natural Earth — Terms of Use

  Tom Patterson & Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso (n.d.). Natural Earth — Terms of Use. Natural Earth. https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/ Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Ni-Co laterite deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models

  Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Bliss, J.D. & Moring, B.C. (2011). Ni-Co laterite deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Open-File Report 2011-1058. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111058 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authorityreport

  Nickel mineralization in Western Australia

  Marston, R.J. (1984). Nickel mineralization in Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia. Version Mineral Resources Bulletin 14. https://dmpbookshop.eruditetechnologies.com.au/product/nickel-mineralization-in-western-australia.do Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  Nickel-cobalt laterites — a deposit model

  Erin Marsh, Eric Anderson & Floyd Gray (2013). Nickel-cobalt laterites — a deposit model. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–H. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/h/pdf/SIR10-5070-H.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authorityjournalArticle

  Obtaining Li2CO3 from zinnwaldite wastes

  Jandová, Jitka, Vu, Hong N., Belková, Tereza, Dvořák, Petr & Kondás, Ján (2009). Obtaining Li2CO3 from zinnwaldite wastes. Ceramics – Silikáty 53 (2) 108-112 (2009), Institute of Chemical Technology Prague. https://www.ceramics-silikaty.cz/2009/pdf/2009_02_108.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Primary authorityreport

  Occurrence model for magmatic sulfide-rich nickel-copper-(platinum-group element) deposits related to mafic and ultramafic dike-sill complexes

  Klaus J. Schulz, Laurel G. Woodruff, Suzanne W. Nicholson, Robert R. Seal II, Nadine M. Piatak, Val W. Chandler & John L. Mars (2014). Occurrence model for magmatic sulfide-rich nickel-copper-(platinum-group element) deposits related to mafic and ultramafic dike-sill complexes. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–I. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/i/pdf/sir2010-5070i.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Orthoclase (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Orthoclase (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/orthoclase.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements

  Nature Geoscience (2011). Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1205 Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Perspectives for High-Purity Quartz from European Resources

  Kalyani Mohanty, Pura Alfonso, Josep Oliva Moncunill, Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio & Hernán Anticoi (2025). Perspectives for High-Purity Quartz from European Resources. Minerals (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101080 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Peer-reviewedbook

  Petrology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Greisens Associated with Tin-Tungsten Mineralisation: Hub Stock Deposit at Krásno–Horní Slavkov Ore District, Czech Republic

  Miloš René (2018). Petrology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Greisens Associated with Tin-Tungsten Mineralisation: Hub Stock Deposit at Krásno–Horní Slavkov Ore District, Czech Republic. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71187 Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  Porphyry copper deposit model

  David A. John, Robert A. Ayuso, Mark D. Barton, Richard J. Blakely, Robert J. Bodnar, John H. Dilles, Floyd Gray, Fred T. Graybeal, John C. Mars, Darcy K. McPhee, Robert R. Seal, Ryan D. Taylor & Peter G. Vikre (2010). Porphyry copper deposit model. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–B. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/b/pdf/SIR10-5070B.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Porphyry copper deposits of the world — database and grade and tonnage models

  Donald A. Singer, Vladimir I. Berger & Barry C. Moring (2008). Porphyry copper deposits of the world — database and grade and tonnage models. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Open-File Report 2008-1155. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081155 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Prediction of crystal–melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli

  Jon Blundy & Bernard Wood (1994). Prediction of crystal–melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/372452a0 Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Pyrite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Pyrite (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pyrite.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Quartz (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet)

  Mineral Data Publishing (2001). Quartz (Handbook of Mineralogy mineral data sheet). Version version 1.2. https://handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/quartz.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authorityreport

  Rare-Earth Elements, chapter O of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States

  Bradley S. Van Gosen, Philip L. Verplanck, Robert R. Seal II, Keith R. Long & Joseph Gambogi (2017). Rare-Earth Elements, chapter O of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Professional Paper 1802–O. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802O Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Recovery of niobium and tantalum by solvent extraction from Sn–Ta–Nb mining tailings

  Olga Rodríguez, Francisco J. Alguacil, Esther Escudero Baquero, Irene García-Díaz, Paloma Fernández, Belén Sotillo & Félix A. López (2020). Recovery of niobium and tantalum by solvent extraction from Sn–Ta–Nb mining tailings. RSC Advances (Royal Society of Chemistry). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03331f Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Rocks and minerals (Discovering Geology)

  British Geological Survey (n.d.). Rocks and minerals (Discovering Geology). https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/rocks-and-minerals/ Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Sediment-hosted copper deposits of the world: Deposit models and database

  Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C. & Diggles, M.F. (2003). Sediment-hosted copper deposits of the world: Deposit models and database. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Open-File Report 03-107. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03107 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits of the world

  Donald A. Singer, Vladimir I. Berger & Barry C. Moring (2009). Sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits of the world. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Open-File Report 2009-1252. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091252 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Institutional referencereferenceWork

  Seismic Shadow Zones: S wave shadow zone

  EarthScope Consortium (NSF SAGE) (n.d.). Seismic Shadow Zones: S wave shadow zone. https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/seismic_shadow_zones_s_wave_shadow_zone Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations

  A. M. Dziewonski & F. Gilbert (1971). Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/234465a0 Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritystandard

  Standard Atomic Weights 2024

  Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (IUPAC) (2024). Standard Atomic Weights 2024. Version Standard Atomic Weights 2024. https://ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Institutional referencewebPage

  Standorte der GfE Gesellschaft für Elektrometallurgie

  GfE Gesellschaft für Elektrometallurgie mbH (2026). Standorte der GfE Gesellschaft für Elektrometallurgie. https://www.gfe.com/de/ueber-gfe/standorte Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Primary authorityreport

  Stratiform chromite deposit model

  Ruth F. Schulte, Ryan D. Taylor, Nadine M. Piatak & Robert R. Seal II (2012). Stratiform chromite deposit model. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–E. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/e/pdf/sir2010-5070e_LR.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Peer-reviewedreport

  Successful Battery Grade Pilot — Cinovec Project

  European Metals Holdings Limited, regulatory news announcement (2023). Successful Battery Grade Pilot — Cinovec Project. https://www.investegate.co.uk/announcement/rns/european-metals-holding-limited-di---emh/successful-battery-grade-pilot-cinovec-project/7869689 Retrieved 2026-09-11.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Surface Geology of Australia — 1:1 million scale national coverage

  Geoscience Australia (2016). Surface Geology of Australia — 1:1 million scale national coverage. Version 1:1M national coverage. https://services.ga.gov.au/gis/rest/services/GA_Surface_Geology/MapServer Retrieved 2026-09-08.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  The Challenge of Tungsten Skarn Processing by Froth Flotation: A Review

  Yann Foucaud, Lev Filippov, Inna Filippova & Michael Badawi (2020). The Challenge of Tungsten Skarn Processing by Froth Flotation: A Review. Frontiers in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00230 Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authorityreport

  The Determination of 30 Elements in Geological Materials by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

  Siems, D.F. (2000). The Determination of 30 Elements in Geological Materials by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Open-File Report 00-475. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0475/report.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  The Importance of Feedstock and Process Control on the Composition of Recovered Carbon Black

  Norris, Christopher, Lopez-Cerdan, Antonio, Eaton, Peter, Moon, Richard & Murfitt, Mark (2025). The Importance of Feedstock and Process Control on the Composition of Recovered Carbon Black. Polymers (Basel), MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17212913 Retrieved 2026-09-21.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  The investigation of lithium extraction by roasting with sulfating agent and water leaching from nepheline syenite rocks

  Zeynep Üçerler & Ali Güney (2022). The investigation of lithium extraction by roasting with sulfating agent and water leaching from nepheline syenite rocks. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing (Wrocław University of Science and Technology). https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/146154 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Primary authoritystandard

  The New IMA List of Minerals — A Work in Progress (September 2026)

  Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, International Mineralogical Association (2026). The New IMA List of Minerals — A Work in Progress (September 2026). Version Updated September 2026. https://cnmnc.units.it/ Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  The Science of Earthquakes

  Lisa Wald (n.d.). The Science of Earthquakes. U.S. Geological Survey. https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritybook

  This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics

  W. Jacquelyne Kious & Robert I. Tilling (1996). This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Online edition, version 1.20. https://doi.org/10.3133/7000097 Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth

  Ronit Kessel, Max W. Schmidt, Peter Ulmer & Thomas Pettke (2005). Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03971 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Use of Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) in the Characterization of Lithium-Bearing Micas

  Dirk Sandmann & Jens Gutzmer (2013). Use of Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) in the Characterization of Lithium-Bearing Micas. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering (Scientific Research Publishing). https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2013.16043 Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Institutional referencewebPage

  Vanadium chemicals: high-purity vanadium chemicals from residues

  GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH (AMG Titanium) (2026). Vanadium chemicals: high-purity vanadium chemicals from residues. https://www.gfe.com/en/products-and-solutions/vanadium-chemicals Retrieved 2026-09-17.

• Peer-reviewedstandard

  Vanadium Pentoxide ground, high purity — GfE product data sheet, article no. 2008 599

  GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH (AMG Titanium), Höfener Str. 45, 90431 Nürnberg, Germany (2026). Vanadium Pentoxide ground, high purity — GfE product data sheet, article no. 2008 599. Version No. 6 | Juli 2026. https://www.gfe.com/02_produkte_loesungen/03_vanadium-chemikalien/PDB/Vanadium-Pentoxide-ground-hp-2008-599_V6.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Peer-reviewedstandard

  Vanadium Pentoxide, chemically pure — GfE product data sheet, article no. 2008 620

  GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH (AMG Titanium), Höfener Str. 45, 90431 Nürnberg, Germany (2026). Vanadium Pentoxide, chemically pure — GfE product data sheet, article no. 2008 620. Version No. 8 | Juli 2026. https://www.gfe.com/02_produkte_loesungen/03_vanadium-chemikalien/PDB/Vanadium-Pentoxide-cp-2008-620_V8.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Peer-reviewedstandard

  Vanadium Pentoxide, high purity — GfE product data sheet, article no. 2008 582

  GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH (AMG Titanium), Höfener Str. 45, 90431 Nürnberg, Germany (2026). Vanadium Pentoxide, high purity — GfE product data sheet, article no. 2008 582. Version No. 9 | Juli 2026. https://www.gfe.com/02_produkte_loesungen/03_vanadium-chemikalien/PDB/Vanadium-Pentoxide-hp-2008-582_V9.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Peer-reviewedjournalArticle

  Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth’s upper mantle

  Alberto E. Saal, Erik H. Hauri, Charles H. Langmuir & Michael R. Perfit (2002). Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth’s upper mantle. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01073 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritydataset

  Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models

  Mosier, D.L., Berger, V.I. & Singer, D.A. (2009). Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Open-File Report 2009-1034. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091034 Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authorityreport

  Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model

  W. C. Pat Shanks III & Roland Thurston (2012). Volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model. U.S. Geological Survey. Version Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–C. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/c/SIR10-5070-C.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  WAMEX report abstract for A5747 — Murrin Project, Progress report (non-statutory) March 1975, Volumes 1–3 (Smith, L. and Uren, B. J.; operator Australian Selection Pty Ltd); archive group summary for group M251/4, item 5998, 'Murrin Murrin base metal/gold exploration'

  Geological Survey of Western Australia (n.d.). WAMEX report abstract for A5747 — Murrin Project, Progress report (non-statutory) March 1975, Volumes 1–3 (Smith, L. and Uren, B. J.; operator Australian Selection Pty Ltd); archive group summary for group M251/4, item 5998, 'Murrin Murrin base metal/gold exploration'. Geological Survey of Western Australia (archive summary). https://wamex.dmp.wa.gov.au/WAMEX/ExternalTool/CreateReportAbstractDialog?aNumber=5747 Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  WAMEX report abstract for A7218 — Ravensthorpe – Bandalup Creek – Bandalup South Project, Non-statutory Report: Sections on Nickeliferous Materials to accompany Report (operator Pickands Mather & Co Int)

  Geological Survey of Western Australia (n.d.). WAMEX report abstract for A7218 — Ravensthorpe – Bandalup Creek – Bandalup South Project, Non-statutory Report: Sections on Nickeliferous Materials to accompany Report (operator Pickands Mather & Co Int). Geological Survey of Western Australia (archive summary). https://wamex.dmp.wa.gov.au/WAMEX/ExternalTool/CreateReportAbstractDialog?aNumber=7218 Retrieved 2026-09-09.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  Weathering (Discovering Geology — Geological processes)

  British Geological Survey (n.d.). Weathering (Discovering Geology — Geological processes). https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/geological-processes/weathering/ Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  What are igneous rocks?

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). What are igneous rocks?. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-igneous-rocks Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  What are metamorphic rocks?

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). What are metamorphic rocks?. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-metamorphic-rocks Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  What are sedimentary rocks?

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). What are sedimentary rocks?. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-sedimentary-rocks Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritywebPage

  What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

  U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.). What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-difference-between-rock-and-mineral Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Primary authoritydataset

  World Magnetic Model (WMM)

  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (n.d.). World Magnetic Model (WMM). Version WMM2025 (2025–2030 epoch). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-magnetic-model Retrieved 2026-09-06.

• Peer-revieweddataset

  World tectonic plates and boundaries — a GIS conversion of PB2002

  Hugo Ahlenius (2014). World tectonic plates and boundaries — a GIS conversion of PB2002. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil. Version master branch, retrieved 2026-09-07. https://github.com/fraxen/tectonicplates Retrieved 2026-09-07.

• Peer-reviewedstandard

  Ниобия пентаоксид для оптики и электроники — Niobium pentoxide for optics and electronics, grade specification

  ОАО «Соликамский магниевый завод» (OAO Solikamsk Magnesium Works) (n.d.). Ниобия пентаоксид для оптики и электроники — Niobium pentoxide for optics and electronics, grade specification. https://smw.ru/upload/iblock/c37/c37b32aaccec97dad80fc0d4c63cf0a8.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Peer-reviewedstandard

  Ниобия пентаоксид технический — Niobium pentoxide, technical, grade specification

  ОАО «Соликамский магниевый завод» (OAO Solikamsk Magnesium Works) (n.d.). Ниобия пентаоксид технический — Niobium pentoxide, technical, grade specification. https://smw.ru/upload/iblock/743/hi4ll8onxa5g0epw461xqujgjdvtrhmq.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Peer-reviewedstandard

  Ниобия пентаоксид химически чистый — Niobium pentoxide, chemically pure, grade specification

  ОАО «Соликамский магниевый завод» (OAO Solikamsk Magnesium Works) (n.d.). Ниобия пентаоксид химически чистый — Niobium pentoxide, chemically pure, grade specification. https://smw.ru/upload/iblock/35f/35f7cec663c54a2d61cd44c160914175.pdf Retrieved 2026-09-10.

• Institutional referencewebPage

  Ниобия пентаоксид химически чистый (Niobium pentoxide, chemically pure)

  ОАО «Соликамский магниевый завод» (OAO Solikamsk Magnesium Works) (2026). Ниобия пентаоксид химически чистый (Niobium pentoxide, chemically pure). https://www.smw.ru/product/redkometalnaya/soedineniya-niobiya/niobiya-pentaoksid-khimicheski-chistyy/ Retrieved 2026-09-17.