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LITHOEN

Deposit

Vuonos

A mineral deposit recorded by the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database, at North Karelia, Finland. The compilation classifies it as a mafic volcanic host succession. Its reported host rocks are quartzite, mica gneiss, black schist, skarn, serpentinite, talc schist. Minerals reported present include almandine, argentian pentlandite, bismuth, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, cobaltiferous pentlandite, cobaltite, cordierite.

Classification

recognition basis
authoritativeDatabase
realm
europe

What this record is, and who says so

Recognised on the basis of

Authoritative database

A curated deposit database published by a scientific institution, in which inclusion is itself a documented editorial decision with stated criteria.

A deposit is an occurrence of sufficient size and grade that it might, under the most favourable circumstances, be considered to have economic potential. Lithoen records that a named authority made that judgement. It is not a statement that anything here is recoverable, and it is not a resource or a reserve.

How it is interpreted

A deposit is not a mineral system. A source interprets it as an example of one, and interpretations change while the rock does not.

  • Interpreted as an example of Volcanogenic massive sulfide system

    By — Membership of the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database, which is a compilation of deposits of this class.

    Inclusion in a compilation of this deposit class is the compilation’s own interpretation of this deposit. It is not an independent genetic study.

Commodities documented here

  • Copper (commodity)documented association

    The compilation reports a grade for this metal at this deposit. Lithoen records the documented association and infers nothing about how it would be worked.

  • Zinc (commodity)documented association

    The compilation reports a grade for this metal at this deposit. Lithoen records the documented association and infers nothing about how it would be worked.

Reported figures, and what each one is

A sample assay, a deposit average, a compiler total and a reported reserve are different quantities. Each figure below carries which one it is; none of them is a current resource or reserve.

5.892 Mt

Geological estimate

A size estimate made on geological grounds without a formal reporting framework. Often historical, and never to be presented as a resource.

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a tonnage of 5.892 million tonnes, of which 5.89 million tonnes had been mined, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database gives Vuonos 0.73 million tonnes. The two differ by about eightfold and Lithoen publishes both: the Finnish table names the ore body it is counting and the USGS row does not, so the difference cannot be resolved from what either states.

0.73 Mt

Compiler total, for modelling

A sum assembled by a database compiler from production plus reserves plus resources at the lowest available cut-off, so that deposits can be compared in a grade-and-tonnage model. It is not a resource, not a reserve and not production; it is a modelling quantity, and the USGS databases Lithoen reads define their tonnage exactly this way.

The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports an ore tonnage of 0.73 million tonnes for Vuonos.

0.15 wt%m Cobalt

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a cobalt grade of 0.15 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

2.45 wt%m Copper

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a copper grade of 2.45 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

2.1 wt%m Copper

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a copper grade of 2.1 weight percent for Vuonos.

1.2 wt%m Zinc

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a zinc grade of 1.2 weight percent for Vuonos.

0.1 g/t Gold

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a gold grade of 0.1 grams per tonne, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

0.13 wt%m Nickel

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a nickel grade of 0.13 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

11 g/t Silver

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a silver grade of 11.0 grams per tonne, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

1.6 wt%m Zinc

Deposit average

An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a zinc grade of 1.6 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

The source records behind this

What one row of a published dataset was taken to mean, and why. The original record stays traceable after reconciliation.

  • Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world (USGS OFR 2009-1034), record 1279

    Named there
    Vuonos
    The source calls it
    deposit
    Lithoen reads it as
    deposit (stated)

    The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database states what one of its rows is, and this row is read as the deposit the compilers named. Its 500-metre rule means any separately named bodies within that distance are already combined here.

    Read and refused

    • grade and tonnage columns with no value — The compilation writes "(no value)" or leaves the field empty where the information was not available. Reading an empty field as zero would publish a measurement nobody made.
    • deposits within 5 km and 10 km columns — Proximity of other deposits is a fact about the compilation’s spatial density, and Lithoen refuses to publish anything that could be read as prospectivity.

How this is mapped

One published representation of where Vuonos is. Each is one interpretation, by one identified source, at one scale — not the shape of the thing itself.

  • Representative point

    Point · 1 positionspreferred for publication

    A single position standing for something that is not a point. It exists so a feature can be shown on a map or listed by location, and it asserts NOTHING about extent. A representative point for a 2,000 km province is a label anchor, not a location.

    A representative point for Vuonos from the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database. It marks where the compilation places the deposit; it is not a boundary, not a shaft, and implies nothing about the body's extent.

    Boundary certainty
    ApproximateThe position is known only within a distance much larger than the line width on any map that shows it. Drawing it thinner does not make it better known.
    Status of this geometry
    inferredThe status of the geometry, which need not match the status of what the entity’s claims assert.
    Dataset
    Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world (USGS OFR 2009-1034)Mosier, D.L., Berger, V.I., and Singer, D.A., 2009, Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1034, doi:10.3133/ofr20091034.

    What was done to this geometry

    • By Lithoen — Rounded to 4 decimal places. The compilation computed its decimal degrees from authored degrees-minutes-seconds columns, and the further digits are conversion residue rather than knowledge.
    • Before it reached Lithoen — The compilation computed these decimal degrees from the degrees-minutes-seconds columns its compilers authored.

How this record is known

15
Settled consensus
Cited as the accepted position of the discipline.
2
Interpretation
Reached by reasoning from evidence, or produced by a named model.

17 of 17 claims on this page cite at least one registered source. Counts describe how each statement is known, not how likely it is to be true.

What Lithoen records

Each claim states how it is known and cites its evidence.

Established0.15 wt%m Cobalt

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a cobalt grade of 0.15 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Table 20 declares its units in the column headers. The volume gives no analytical method for these figures and attributes them to Huhma and Huhma (1970), which Lithoen has not retrieved.
  • source record: Special Paper 53, Table 20, row "Vuonos Cu", Cobalt column.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

Established2.45 wt%m Copper

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a copper grade of 2.45 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Table 20 declares its units in the column headers. The volume gives no analytical method for these figures and attributes them to Huhma and Huhma (1970), which Lithoen has not retrieved.
  • source record: Special Paper 53, Table 20, row "Vuonos Cu", Copper column.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

Established5.892 Mt

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a tonnage of 5.892 million tonnes, of which 5.89 million tonnes had been mined, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database gives Vuonos 0.73 million tonnes. The two differ by about eightfold and Lithoen publishes both: the Finnish table names the ore body it is counting and the USGS row does not, so the difference cannot be resolved from what either states.

  • tonnage category: geologicalEstimate
  • scope: The "Vuonos Cu" row of Table 20. The near-equality of the tonnage and mined columns (5.892 and 5.89) indicates the body was worked out; the volume does not say so in words and that reading is not published as a claim.
  • source record: Special Paper 53, Table 20, row "Vuonos Cu", Tonnage and Mined columns, attributed by the table to Huhma & Huhma (1970).
  • definition basis: Table 20 is headed "Metallic mineral deposits with a resource estimate", and declares its tonnage unit in the column header. The volume gives no estimation method, no reporting framework and no effective date for the figure, and attributes it to Huhma and Huhma (1970), which Lithoen has not retrieved. It is a compiled estimate of long standing and is published as one.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

Establisheda mafic volcanic host succession

How a source classifies it

The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database classifies Vuonos as a mafic volcanic host succession, a classification of the volcanic host succession rather than of the mineralisation.

  • definition basis: Deposit-type field of the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database, whose values are enumerated in the dataset itself.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_CLASSIFICATION

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

Established2.1 wt%m Copper

Reported for this deposit

The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a copper grade of 2.1 weight percent for Vuonos.

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Grade as the compilation reports it for this deposit.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

Establishedquartzite; mica gneiss; black schist; skarn; serpentinite; talc schist

Reported for this deposit

The rocks reported as hosting Vuonos are quartzite, mica gneiss, black schist, skarn, serpentinite, talc schist, as named for this deposit by the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database.

  • precision note: The host lithologies are those the compilation names for this deposit. They are not inferred from a class description and not from a point falling inside a mapped polygon.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

InferredAssociated with submarine volcanic rocks in a volcanic-sedimentary sequence.

Derived by Lithoen

Vuonos is carried by a compilation whose inclusion rule requires a deposit to be associated with submarine volcanic rocks in a sequence of volcanic and sedimentary rocks — lava flows, pyroclastics or volcaniclastic rocks, which need not be the deposit's only host. Its presence here is therefore a statement that it meets that test.

Not stated verbatim by the source — derived: inclusion rule of the compilation AND presence of this deposit as a row in it ⟹ this deposit satisfies the inclusion rule

The compilation states a test a deposit must meet to be carried, and it carries this deposit. The property is therefore not something the source reports of the deposit; it is what its inclusion implies. That step is Lithoen’s and it is a real one — a compiler can include a row in error, and a rule stated for a set is weaker evidence about any member than a statement made about that member. Recording it as a derivation is what keeps the claim from reading as an observation.

  • model: The inclusion rule of the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide compilation.
  • precision note: This follows from membership of the compilation, not from a study of this deposit’s setting.
  • assertion basis: LITHOEN_DERIVED

Evidence support: Derived from the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

Establishedalmandine; argentian pentlandite; bismuth; cassiterite; chalcopyrite; cobaltiferous pentlandite; cobaltite; cordierite; cubanite; diopside; eskolaite; gersdorffite; gold; graphite; mackinawite; magnetite; marcasite; molybdenite; plagioclase; pyrite; pyrrhotite; siegenite; sphalerite; stannite; tremolite; uraniferous carbon; uraninite; violarite; zincian chromite

Reported for this deposit

The compilation reports 29 distinct minerals present at Vuonos, of which the first twelve alphabetically are almandine, argentian pentlandite, bismuth, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, cobaltiferous pentlandite, cobaltite, cordierite, cubanite, diopside, eskolaite, gersdorffite. It records presence only: no abundance, no paragenesis and no assay follows from it.

  • precision note: The compilation's mineral table holds 29 entries for this row, and the claim counts all 29 of them. The prose names 12 because a sentence of 29 mineral names is not readable; the count is stated so the list is never mistaken for the whole. Presence is not abundance, and the alphabetical order carries no paragenetic meaning.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

EstablishedRecorded as a deposit by the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database, record 1279.

How a source classifies it

Vuonos is recorded as a deposit because the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database includes it, as record 1279. The compilation combines all mineralised rock within 500 metres into one deposit, so that its rows correspond to geological bodies rather than to commercial projects.

  • source record: usgs-vms-deposits-of-the-world record 1279
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_CLASSIFICATION

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

Established0.73 Mt

Reported for this deposit

The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports an ore tonnage of 0.73 million tonnes for Vuonos.

  • tonnage category: compilerTotalForModelling
  • definition basis: Ore tonnage as the compilation reports it for this deposit, compiled for grade-and-tonnage modelling rather than as a resource statement under a reporting code.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

Established1.2 wt%m Zinc

Reported for this deposit

The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a zinc grade of 1.2 weight percent for Vuonos.

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Grade as the compilation reports it for this deposit.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source

Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority

Established0.1 g/t Gold

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a gold grade of 0.1 grams per tonne, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Table 20 declares its units in the column headers. The volume gives no analytical method for these figures and attributes them to Huhma and Huhma (1970), which Lithoen has not retrieved.
  • source record: Special Paper 53, Table 20, row "Vuonos Cu", Gold column.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

Established0.13 wt%m Nickel

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a nickel grade of 0.13 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Table 20 declares its units in the column headers. The volume gives no analytical method for these figures and attributes them to Huhma and Huhma (1970), which Lithoen has not retrieved.
  • source record: Special Paper 53, Table 20, row "Vuonos Cu", Nickel column.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

Model outputpolygenetic Outokumpu type: exhalative Cu-Co-Zn ca. 1.95 Ga on ultramafic ocean floor; Ni during ca. 1.90 Ga obduction; sulphides later remobilised into fault-controlled sheets 1–15 m thick, 50–450 m wide, 1–>5 km long

Mineral-system context — context for this record, not something established about it.

General principle, shown here for context — not an observation about this record.

The Geological Survey of Finland interprets the Outokumpu copper-cobalt deposit type as polygenetic: a primary inhalative-exhalative copper-cobalt-zinc event at about 1.95 billion years, in a hot-spring environment in spreading zones or leaky transforms on a predominantly ultramafic ocean floor, followed by nickel mineralisation during obduction of the ophiolite fragments at about 1.90 billion years, when low-temperature carbonaceous and sulphidic fluids altered the outer margins of the ultramafic bodies. Later syntectonic remobilisation gathered the sulphides into fault-controlled positions, giving the type its geometry of thin, narrow, long sheets. This is a statement about the deposit type, not a determination made at Vuonos.

  • generality: GENERAL_PRINCIPLE
  • assertion basis: MODEL_INHERITED_CONTEXT
  • model: The interpretation is attributed by the volume to Peltonen and others (2008), which Lithoen has not retrieved.
  • precision note: The ages are the model’s and are given as approximate. They are not geochronological determinations on this deposit and carry no uncertainty.
  • precision note: Inherited from the volume’s model of the Outokumpu deposit type. The volume states it for the type and Vuonos is one of the deposits of that area; nothing here was observed at Vuonos and no part of it is deposit-specific.

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

Established11 g/t Silver

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a silver grade of 11.0 grams per tonne, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Table 20 declares its units in the column headers. The volume gives no analytical method for these figures and attributes them to Huhma and Huhma (1970), which Lithoen has not retrieved.
  • source record: Special Paper 53, Table 20, row "Vuonos Cu", Silver column.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

EstablishedVuonos Cu and Vuonos Ni tabulated as separate ore bodies with separate tonnages

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland records two separate ore bodies at Vuonos — a copper body and a nickel body — with different tonnages and different sources. The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database records one Vuonos. Lithoen’s Vuonos record was created from the USGS row and therefore does not distinguish the two, and the deposit-specific figures taken from the Finnish volume are those of the copper body alone.

  • scope: Every figure this corpus holds from Special Paper 53 for Vuonos is from the "Vuonos Cu" row. Nothing is taken from the "Vuonos Ni" row beyond its existence and its tonnage.
  • precision note: Whether the USGS row corresponds to the copper body, the nickel body or both is not stated by either compilation and is not inferred here.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

Established1.6 wt%m Zinc

Reported for this deposit

The Geological Survey of Finland gives the Vuonos copper body a zinc grade of 1.6 weight percent, on the authority of Huhma and Huhma (1970).

  • scope: depositAverage
  • definition basis: Table 20 declares its units in the column headers. The volume gives no analytical method for these figures and attributes them to Huhma and Huhma (1970), which Lithoen has not retrieved.
  • source record: Special Paper 53, Table 20, row "Vuonos Cu", Zinc column.
  • assertion basis: SOURCE_REPORTED

Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source

Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority

In the knowledge graph

Record last updated 2026-09-07. Corrections follow the published corrections policy; superseded claims are retained, never silently edited.