Deposit
Also known as Lampinsaari, Isoaho
A mineral deposit recorded by the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database, at Oulu, Finland. The compilation classifies it as a bimodal-mafic volcanic host succession. Its reported host rocks are quartz-feldspathic schist, black schist, cordierite gneiss, dolomite, skarn. Minerals reported present include antimony, arsenopyrite, barite, berthierite, bismuth, boulangerite, bournonite, breithauptite.
Recognised on the basis of
Authoritative database
A curated deposit database published by a scientific institution, in which inclusion is itself a documented editorial decision with stated criteria.
A deposit is an occurrence of sufficient size and grade that it might, under the most favourable circumstances, be considered to have economic potential. Lithoen records that a named authority made that judgement. It is not a statement that anything here is recoverable, and it is not a resource or a reserve.
A deposit is not a mineral system. A source interprets it as an example of one, and interpretations change while the rock does not.
Interpreted as an example of Volcanogenic massive sulfide system
By — Membership of the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database, which is a compilation of deposits of this class.
Inclusion in a compilation of this deposit class is the compilation’s own interpretation of this deposit. It is not an independent genetic study.
Copper (commodity)documented association
The compilation reports a grade for this metal at this deposit. Lithoen records the documented association and infers nothing about how it would be worked.
Gold (commodity)documented association
The compilation reports a grade for this metal at this deposit. Lithoen records the documented association and infers nothing about how it would be worked.
Lead (commodity)documented association
The compilation reports a grade for this metal at this deposit. Lithoen records the documented association and infers nothing about how it would be worked.
Silver (commodity)documented association
The compilation reports a grade for this metal at this deposit. Lithoen records the documented association and infers nothing about how it would be worked.
Zinc (commodity)documented association
The compilation reports a grade for this metal at this deposit. Lithoen records the documented association and infers nothing about how it would be worked.
A sample assay, a deposit average, a compiler total and a reported reserve are different quantities. Each figure below carries which one it is; none of them is a current resource or reserve.
29.63 Mt
Compiler total, for modelling
A sum assembled by a database compiler from production plus reserves plus resources at the lowest available cut-off, so that deposits can be compared in a grade-and-tonnage model. It is not a resource, not a reserve and not production; it is a modelling quantity, and the USGS databases Lithoen reads define their tonnage exactly this way.
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports an ore tonnage of 29.63 million tonnes for Vihanti.
28.1 Mt
Historical production
Material reported as mined over a stated period. Gone, not remaining.
The Geological Survey of Finland reports 28.1 million tonnes of ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). A separate row of the same table records a remaining resource of 9.164 million tonnes. The two are reported separately and are not added together here.
0.48 wt%m Copper
Historical production grade
The grade of material actually mined and processed over a stated period. Records what was taken, not what remains.
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a copper grade of 0.48 weight percent for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
0.42 wt%m Copper
Deposit average
An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a copper grade of 0.42 weight percent for Vihanti.
0.3 g/t Gold
Deposit average
An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.
The compilation reports a gold grade of 0.3 grams per tonne of ore for Vihanti. The field is defined as the average grade of gold for the deposit, stated as grams per metric ton of ore.
0.28 wt%m Lead
Deposit average
An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lead grade of 0.28 weight percent for Vihanti.
21 g/t Silver
Deposit average
An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.
The compilation reports a silver grade of 21.0 grams per tonne of ore for Vihanti. The field is defined as the average grade of silver for the deposit, stated as grams per metric ton of ore.
4.68 wt%m Zinc
Deposit average
An average grade attributed to a whole deposit by a compiler, over a tonnage defined by that compiler at a stated cut-off. Not a measurement of anything: a summary of an estimate.
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a zinc grade of 4.68 weight percent for Vihanti.
0.49 g/t Gold
Historical production grade
The grade of material actually mined and processed over a stated period. Records what was taken, not what remains.
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a gold grade of 0.49 grams per tonne of ore for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
0.36 wt%m Lead
Historical production grade
The grade of material actually mined and processed over a stated period. Records what was taken, not what remains.
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a lead grade of 0.36 weight percent for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
25 g/t Silver
Historical production grade
The grade of material actually mined and processed over a stated period. Records what was taken, not what remains.
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a silver grade of 25.0 grams per tonne of ore for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
5.12 wt%m Zinc
Historical production grade
The grade of material actually mined and processed over a stated period. Records what was taken, not what remains.
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a zinc grade of 5.12 weight percent for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
What one row of a published dataset was taken to mean, and why. The original record stays traceable after reconciliation.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world (USGS OFR 2009-1034), record 1276
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database states what one of its rows is, and this row is read as the deposit the compilers named. Its 500-metre rule means any separately named bodies within that distance are already combined here.
Read and refused
One published representation of where Vihanti is. Each is one interpretation, by one identified source, at one scale — not the shape of the thing itself.
A single position standing for something that is not a point. It exists so a feature can be shown on a map or listed by location, and it asserts NOTHING about extent. A representative point for a 2,000 km province is a label anchor, not a location.
A representative point for Vihanti from the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database. It marks where the compilation places the deposit; it is not a boundary, not a shaft, and implies nothing about the body's extent.
20 of 20 claims on this page cite at least one registered source. Counts describe how each statement is known, not how likely it is to be true.
Each claim states how it is known and cites its evidence.
Reported for this deposit
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a copper grade of 0.48 weight percent for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
How a source classifies it
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database classifies Vihanti as a bimodal-mafic volcanic host succession, a classification of the volcanic host succession rather than of the mineralisation.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a copper grade of 0.42 weight percent for Vihanti.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The compilation reports a gold grade of 0.3 grams per tonne of ore for Vihanti. The field is defined as the average grade of gold for the deposit, stated as grams per metric ton of ore.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The rocks reported as hosting Vihanti are quartz-feldspathic schist, black schist, cordierite gneiss, dolomite, skarn, as named for this deposit by the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Derived by Lithoen
Vihanti is carried by a compilation whose inclusion rule requires a deposit to be associated with submarine volcanic rocks in a sequence of volcanic and sedimentary rocks — lava flows, pyroclastics or volcaniclastic rocks, which need not be the deposit's only host. Its presence here is therefore a statement that it meets that test.
inclusion rule of the compilation AND presence of this deposit as a row in it ⟹ this deposit satisfies the inclusion ruleThe compilation states a test a deposit must meet to be carried, and it carries this deposit. The property is therefore not something the source reports of the deposit; it is what its inclusion implies. That step is Lithoen’s and it is a real one — a compiler can include a row in error, and a rule stated for a set is weaker evidence about any member than a statement made about that member. Recording it as a derivation is what keeps the claim from reading as an observation.
Evidence support: Derived from the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lead grade of 0.28 weight percent for Vihanti.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The compilation reports 43 distinct minerals present at Vihanti, of which the first twelve alphabetically are antimony, arsenopyrite, barite, berthierite, bismuth, boulangerite, bournonite, breithauptite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, diopside. It records presence only: no abundance, no paragenesis and no assay follows from it.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
How a source classifies it
Vihanti is recorded as a deposit because the USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database includes it, as record 1276. The compilation combines all mineralised rock within 500 metres into one deposit, so that its rows correspond to geological bodies rather than to commercial projects.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The compilation reports a silver grade of 21.0 grams per tonne of ore for Vihanti. The field is defined as the average grade of silver for the deposit, stated as grams per metric ton of ore.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports an ore tonnage of 29.63 million tonnes for Vihanti.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The usgs volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a zinc grade of 4.68 weight percent for Vihanti.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence 2 sources, single source
Evidence: D.L. 2009 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a gold grade of 0.49 grams per tonne of ore for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a lead grade of 0.36 weight percent for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The Geological Survey of Finland reports 28.1 million tonnes of ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). A separate row of the same table records a remaining resource of 9.164 million tonnes. The two are reported separately and are not added together here.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The volume reports five types of mineralisation at Vihanti — zinc, copper, pyrite, lead-silver-gold, and uranium-phosphorus — and gives their relative order: the uranium-phosphorus type is the oldest and the lead-silver-gold and zinc ores are the youngest, on the authority of Autere and others (1991). The order is relative. No absolute age is given for any of the five and none is supplied here.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a silver grade of 25.0 grams per tonne of ore for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
A property of a dataset or model, shown here for context — not an observation about this record.
Vihanti lies in the Vihanti–Pyhäsalmi metallogenic area on the north-eastern edge of the Svecofennian domain, in the north-western part of the Raahe–Ladoga suture, long known as the Main Sulphide Ore Belt of Finland. The volume describes the massive sulphide deposits of this area as hosted mainly by metavolcanic rocks in a Palaeoproterozoic island-arc environment close to the Archaean Karelian craton.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The Geological Survey of Finland reports a zinc grade of 5.12 weight percent for the ore mined at Vihanti between 1954 and 1992, on the authority of Kousa and others (1997). The USGS volcanogenic massive sulfide database reports a lower figure for this deposit; the two compilations are independent and Lithoen publishes both rather than choosing.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
Reported for this deposit
The zinc ores at Vihanti are hosted by dolomite and skarn rock and contained over 75 percent of the total ore resource, making them by far the most important ore types for the economy of the mine. The uranium-phosphorus mineralisation, over one million tonnes of low-grade ore, was never exploited.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence one source
Evidence: (ed.) 2012 Primary authority
Record last updated 2026-09-07. Corrections follow the published corrections policy; superseded claims are retained, never silently edited.