Each claim states how it is known and cites its evidence.
EstablishedGreater than 0.1 Mkm², greater than 0.1 Mkm³, under ~50 Myr, mostly emplaced in 1–5 Myr.
General principle, shown here for context — not an observation about this record.
The USGS magmatic nickel model quotes Bryan and Ernst (2008) defining large igneous provinces as magmatic provinces with areal extents greater than 0.1 million square kilometres, igneous volumes greater than 0.1 million cubic kilometres, and maximum lifespans of about 50 million years, having intraplate tectonic settings or geochemical affinities, and characterised by igneous pulses of short duration — about 1 to 5 million years — during which more than 75 percent of the total volume is emplaced.
- definition basis: Quoted by the USGS model from Bryan and Ernst (2008, p. 177); Lithoen has not retrieved the original paper and cites the quotation as it stands in the Tier A report.
- precision note: The definition is entirely about size, rate and setting. It says nothing about cause, and a province meeting it is not thereby attributed to a plume.
- generality: GENERAL_PRINCIPLE
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence · one source
Evidence: Schulz 2014 · Primary authority
EstablishedContinental flood basalts, rifted margins, oceanic plateaus and ocean-basin flood basalts.
The USGS magmatic nickel model gives the Deccan, Karoo, Siberian Traps and Columbia River provinces as continental flood basalt examples; the North Atlantic Igneous Province as a volcanic rifted margin; Ontong Java as an oceanic plateau; and the Caribbean flood basalts as ocean-basin flood basalts. Their plumbing systems — dykes, sills and layered intrusions — are part of the provinces.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence · one source
Evidence: Schulz 2014 · Primary authority
InferredThe province is observed; its origin is not asserted.
A large igneous province is an observation: a volume of rock, an area, an age range. Why the magma was there is a separate question, and the definition Lithoen cites deliberately does not answer it. Lithoen records the provinces and does not attribute them to a mantle plume or to any other single mechanism, because no source it has retrieved does so.
- method: Follows from the cited definition, which is stated entirely in terms of extent, volume, duration and setting.
- precision note: Phase 1 records the mantle-plume hypothesis as contested (claim:plume-hypothesis-disputed). Phase 4 does not resolve that by attribution.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence · one source
Evidence: Schulz 2014 · Primary authority
InferredThe Noril’sk intrusions are part of the province’s plumbing system.
The Noril’sk intrusions, which host the largest known magmatic nickel-copper-PGE deposits, belong to the plumbing system of the Siberian Traps. The USGS model treats dykes, sills and layered intrusions as parts of a large igneous province rather than as separate things.
- method: Follows from the model’s inclusion of plumbing components within a province, together with its account of the Noril’sk intrusions.
- non uniqueness: Every large igneous province has a plumbing system. Almost none of it hosts a deposit of that kind.
Evidence support: Supported by the cited evidence · one source
Evidence: Schulz 2014 · Primary authority